Gender-based violence encompasses a wide range of human rights violations, including sexual abuse of children, rape, domestic violence, sexual assault and harassment, trafficking of women and girls and several harmful traditional practices.

A.battering B.trading C.venerating D.craving

Studies of very young boys and girls show only that, （ ）boys may have a lower tolerance for frustration, and a tendency towards rough-and-tumble play, these tendencies are dwarfed by the importance of male socialization and peer pressure into gender roles.

A.although B.because C.however D.as long as

A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to （ ）the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.

A.repudiate B.spurn C.decline D.halt

Ancient Greeks believed that the gods, who resembled humans, lived on Mount Olympus, where they had a hierarchical society. Individual gods became associated with three main（ ）—the sky or heaven, the sea, and the earth.

A.paradigms B.regimes C.domains D.regimens

s="" thoughts="" as="" a="" belief="" that="" there="" is="" no="" distinction="" between="" natural="" life="" and="" artificial="" man-made="" machines.="" haraway="" begins="" the="" manifesto="" by="" explaining="" three="" boundary="" breakdowns="" since="" 20th="" century="" have="" allowed="" for="" her="" hybrid,="" cyborg="" myth:="" breakdown="" of="" boundaries="" human="" animal,="" animal-human="" machine,="" physical="" non-physical.="" evolution="" has="" blurred="" lines="" animal;="" machines="" made="" ambiguous="" artificial;="" microelectronics="" political="" invisibility="" cyborgs="" confused="" physicality.="" highlights="" problematic="" use="" justification="" western="" traditions="" like="" patriarchy,="" colonialism,="" essentialism,="" naturalism="" (among="" others).="" these="" in="" turn="" allow="" formations="" taxonomies="" what="" explains="" antagonistic="" dualisms="" order="" discourse.="" dualisms,="" states,="" all="" been="" systematic="" to="" logics="" practices="" domination="" women,people of color, nature, workers, animals... all those constituted as others. However, high-tech culture provides a challenge to these antagonistic dualisms. Haraway's cyborg theory rejects the notions of essentialism, proposing instead a chimeric, monstrous world of fusions between animal and machine. Cyborg theory relies on writing as “the technology of cyborgs”, as “cyborg politics is the struggle for language and the struggle against perfect communication, against the one code that translates all meaning perfectly, the central dogma of phallogocentrism”. Instead, Haraway's cyborg calls for a non-essentialized, material-semiotic metaphor capable of uniting diffuse politicalcoalitions along the lines of affinity rather than identity. Following Lacanian feminists such as Luce Irigaray, Haraway's work addresses the chasm between feminist discourses and the dominant language of Western patriarchy. As Haraway explains, “grammar is politics by other means,” and effective politics require speaking in the language of domination. As she details in a chart of the paradigmatic shifts from modern to postmodern epistemology within the Manifesto, the unified human subject of identity has shifted to the hybridized posthuman of technoscience, from “representation” to “simulation,” “bourgeois novel” to “science fiction,” “reproduction” to “replication,” and “white capitalist patriarchy” to “informatics of domination.” While Haraway's “ironic dream of a common language” is inspired by Irigaray's argument for a discourse other than patriarchy, she rejects Irigaray's essentializing construction of woman-as-not-male to argue for a linguistic community of situated, partial knowledges in which no one is innocent. Although Haraway's metaphor of the cyborg has been labelled as a post-gender statement, Haraway has clarified her stance on post-genderism in recent interviews. She acknowledges that her argument in the Manifesto seeks to challenge the necessity for categorization of gender, but does not correlatethis argument to post-genderism. She clarifies this distinction because post-genderism is often associated with the discourse of the utopian concept of being beyond masculinity and femininity.Haraway notes that gender constructs are still prevalent and meaningful, but are troublesome and should therefore be eliminated as categories for identity.1.According to the text, a cybernetic organism or cyborg must be understood as（ ）.2.Haraway poses that gender constructs should be eliminated as categories for identity because （ ）.3.According to Haraway manicheisms are in competition with one another, creating paradoxical relations of domination, particularly （ ）.4.The cyborg is a （ ）.5.A sonographic fetus would in many ways be the ultimate cyborg because（ ）.'>

A Cyborg Manifesto is an essay written by Donna Haraway, in which the concept of the cyborg is a rejection of rigid boundaries, notably those separating “human” from “animal” and “human” from “machine”. She writes: “The cyborg does not dream of community on the

Cultural continuities with Africa were not dependent on importation and （ ）of specific folktales in their pristine form.

A.perpetuation B.perceptibility C.perpetration D.perplexity