s="" words.="" "when="" we're="" looking="" at="" language,="" the="" tool="" of="" lie,"="" says="" jeff="" hancock,an="" assistant="" professor="" communication="" and="" a="" member="" faculty="" computing="" information="" science="" cornell="" university.Hancock,who recently received a $680,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to study digital deception, says there is a growing body of evidence that the language of dishonest messages is different than that of honest ones. For example,one study led by Hancock and due to be published this spring in Discourse Processes found that deceptive e-mail messages contained 28 percent more words on average and used a higher percentage of words associated with negative emotions than did truthful messages. Liars also tend to use fewer first-person references (such as the pronoun "I") and more third- person references (such as "he" and "they"). This may be the liar's subconscious way of distancing himself from his lie.More surprising,Hancock and his colleagues have observed that the targets of liars also exhibit distinctive language patterns. For instance,people who are being deceived often use shorter sentences and ask more questions. Even though they may not be aware that they are being lied to,people seem to exhibit subconscious suspicions.To identify the patterns of deceit,Hancock has developed an instant-messaging system at Cornell that asks users to rate the deceptiveness of each message they send. The system has already collected 10,000 messages,of which about 6 percent qualify as patently deceptive. Eventually the results will be incorporated into software that analyzes incoming messages.For now,the Cornell researchers are working only with the kinds of lies told by students and faculty. It remains to be seen whether such a system can be scaled up to handle "big" lies, such as messages sent by conartists and terrorists.Fortunately, the research so far suggests that people lie less often in e-mail than face-to-face or on the phone. Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to put their lies in writing. Hancock speculates. "An e-mail generates multiple copies," he says."It will last longer than something carved in rock." So choose your words carefully. The internet may soon be rid not only deceit but also of lame excuses.'>
Most of us tell one two lies a day,according to scientists who study these things. And we rarely get caught,because the lies we tell are usually little ones: "I got stuck in traffic." "That color looks good on you." "I was just about to call. "But even the smallest fib may soon be systematically exposed,at least in the virtual World. Researchers at several universities are developing software that can detect lies in online communications such as instant messages e-mails and chatrooms. The ability to spot "digital deception", as researchers call it,has never been more crucial. Today,much of our business and social life is conducted online, making us increasingly vulnerable. White collar criminals,sexual predators, scammers, identity thieves and even terrorists surf the same Web as the rest of us.Conventional lie detectors look for physiological signs of anxiety—a bead of sweat or a racing pulse— but online systems examine only the liar's words. "When we're looking at language, we're looking at the tool of the lie," says Jeff Hancock,an assistant professor of communication and a member of the faculty of computing and information science at Cornell University.Hancock,who recently received a $680,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to study digital deception, says there is a growing body of evidence that the language of dishonest messages is different than that of honest ones. For example,one study led by Hancock and due to be published this spring in Discourse Processes found that deceptive e-mail messages contained 28 percent more words on average and used a higher percentage of words associated with negative emotions th
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It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular Plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are eukaryotic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles. On the other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level.Here prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of respective forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems.Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose. Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent research, it seems fundamentally wrong in one respect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.1.The passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular level supported the conclusion that（ ）.3.According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category hypothesis is likely to be true?4.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared in order to clarify the fundamental classifications of living things?5.The author's attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is best described as one of（ ）.
A.detailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the trichotomous picture of living organisms with a dichotomous one B.outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms C.evaluating experiments that have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had been expected. D.summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes
问题2：
A.most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular B.complex cells have well-formed nuclei C.prokaryotes and eukaryotes form two fundamental categories D.subcellular structures are visible with a microscope
问题3：
A.It is promising because it explains the presence of true bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in eukaryotic cells. B.It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form multicellular organisms. C.It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryotic orga
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