The（ ）colonialists managed to wipe out the entire population.

A.aboriginal B.original C.large D.regional

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The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and produce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict. It cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.

1.In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some term in order to（ ）2.According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that（ ）.3.The phrase “function in the disservice of one another” most probably means（ ）4.The author indicates in the passage that conflict（ ）.5.The passage is probably intended to answer the question “（ ）'

A.argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies B.smooth out the conflicts in human societies C.distinguish between two kinds of opposition D.summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation问题2： A.it results in war in most cases B.it induces efforts to expand territory C.it is a kind of opposition among social entities D.it is essentially a struggle for existence问题3： A.betray each other B.harm one another C.help to collaborate with each other D.benefit one another问题4： A.is an inevitable struggle resulting from competition B.reflects the struggle among social animals C.is an opposition among individual social entities D.can be avoided问题5： A.Why is there conflict and competition? B.Is conflict desirable? C.Is war inevitable? D.Can competition lead to conflict?

At the party we found that shy girl（ ）her mother all the time.

A.depending on B.adhering to C.clinging to D.coinciding with

Scholars and students have always been great travelers. (1). The official case for “academic mob- ility” is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social pro- gress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe，but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simul- taneous impact upon many groups of people. (2). The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues: one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery，or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines，and that one was not quite alone，confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years，the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways.(3) The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane，making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible，and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought a- bout the recent explosion in academic movement.(4). Some of these are purely quantitative and re- quire no further mention: there are far more centers of learning，and a far greater number of scholars and students.(5). In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines，particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous num-ber of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some i- solation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.

They had a fierce（ ）as to whether their company should restore the trade relationshipwhich was broken years ago.

A.debate B.clash C.disagreement D.contest

Beth worked hard to（ ）in with the locals during her visit.

A.encounter B.blend C.merge D.adapt