European officials, though, have already warned they will retaliate by boosting tariffs on US goods,（ ） a row that has lasted six years and （ ） agreement in the GATT international trade talks involving 108 countries.

A.escalating ... blocking B.to escalate ... to block C.escalating ... blocked D.escalated ... blocking

The “Cuban incident” could have developed into a full-fledged crisis between the two superpowers, but preventative diplomacy （ ） it.

A.shortened B.accelerated C.absorbed D.aborted

In 1871 the Paris Commune which, as mentioned, was the first socialist revolution, was also the last one to take place in a country that was part of the capitalist center. The twentieth century inaugurated ----- with the “awakening of the peoples of the peripheries --- a new chapter in history. Its first manifestations were the revolutions in Iran (1907), in Mexico (1910-1920), China (1911) and “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905. This awakening of the peoples and nations of the periphery was carried forward in the Revolution of 1917, the Arabo-Muslim Nahda, the constitution of the Young Turk movement (1908), the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, and the formation of the Indian Congress (1885). In reaction to the first long crisis of historical capitalism (1875-1950), the peoples of the periphery began to liberate themselves around 1914-1917, mobilizing themselves under the flags of socialism (Russia, China, Vietnam, Cuba) or of national liberation (India, Algeria) associated to different degrees with progressive social reforms. They took the path to industrialization, hitherto forbidden by the domination of the old imperialism, forcing the latter to "adjust" to this first wave of independent initiatives of the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries. From 1917 to the time when the "Bandung project" (1955-1980) ran out of steam and Sovietism collapsed in 1990, these were the initiatives that dominated the scene. I do not see the two long crises of aging monopoly capitalism in terms of long Kondratieff cycles, but as two stages in both the decline of historical globalized capitalism and the possible transition to socialism. Nor do I see the 1914-1945 period exclusively as "the 30 years" war for the succession to “British hegemony.”1 see this period also as the long war conducted by the imperialist centers against the first awakening of the peripheries (East and South). This first wave of the awakening of the peoples of the periphery wore out for many reasons, including its own internal limitations and contradictions, and imperialism’s success in finding new ways of dominating the world system (through the control of technological invention, access to resources, the globalized financial system, communication and information technology, weapons of mass destruction). Nevertheless, capitalism underwent a second long crisis that began in the 1970s, exactly one hundred years after the first one. The reactions of capital to this crisis were the same as it had had to the previous one: reinforced concentration, which gave rise to generalized monopoly capitalism, globalization ("liberal"), and fractionalization. But the moment of triumph-the second "belle époque," from 1990 to 2008, echoing the first "belle époque," from 1890 to 1914-of the new collective imperialism of the Triad (the United States, Europe, and Japan) was indeed brief. A new epoch of chaos, wars, and revolutions emerged. In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had already started) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions, other than through the military control of the planet.

1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as revolution in the passage?

2.The word "Kondratieff cycles" in the third paragraph most probably refers to （ ）.

3.How do the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries force the historical capitalism to “adjust” to their first wave of independent initiatives?

4.Which of the following can best explain the idea of last sentence of the passage?

5.Which of the following statements can best explain the main idea of the passage?

A.The “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905. B.The British hegemony. C.The Egyptian Revolution of 1919. D.The Paris Commune.问题2： A.a term in politics B.a term in economics C.a term in ecology D.a term in sociology问题3： A.through socialism. B.through national liberation. C.through industrialization. D.th

Many people who are otherwise committed to low-carbon life-styles will （ ） from participating in an action that might involve significant levels of police harassment or even violence.

A.take off B.be taken off C.put off D.be put off

respect',="" 'order',="" and="" 'discipline'="" in="" an="" all-encompassing="" paternalism. '>

During the preparation of papers for seminars, I had to face the conscious problem of writing about a system （ ）silence and links such reticence to ideas of 'respect', 'order', and 'discipline' in an all-encompassing paternalism.

A.what I know prefers B.which I know prefers C.that I know preferring D.in which I know to prefer

s="" industrial="" strength,="" however,="" suggests="" that="" there="" is="" still="" a="" long="" way="" to="" go="" before="" it="" will="" become="" truly="" advanced="" country="" on="" par="" with="" japan.First of all, the high proportion of labor-intensive products in China's exports means that its trade structure is typical of a newly industrializing economy (NIE).This is different from that of developed countries, where the major export items, such as machinery, are technology-intensive. Although China is increasing its share of the global market for manufactured goods, including some information-technology (IT) products that are classified as high-tech, Chinese exports are still highly concentrated in lower-end products. In the ease of televisions, for instance, Japan specializes in high-definition and other higher-end models, while China produces standard models whose unit values are much lower.Reflecting Chinas emphasis on processing trade, goods "made in China" contain large numbers of overseas components, some of which are made in Japan. According to official Chinese statistics, increasing exports by USS1 million requires importing intermediate goods and components worth $500,000, which do not form part of China's gross domestic product (GDP). Moreover, the proportion of this imported content is higher for high-tech than for low-tech products. A computer labeled "made in China" is likely to contain a large portion of imported contents including an Intel central processing unit (CPU), Microsoft Windows operating system, and a liquid crystal display made in Japan or South Korea.In addition, approximately half of China's exports are produced by subsidiaries of foreign companies, to which dividends, interest charges, royalties and other fees must be paid. Even among Chinese companies with no capital relations with overseas companies, the majority of their exports are processed under OEM (original equipment manufacturing) contracts and sold with foreign brand names. Thus only a very small percentage of the value-added of products labeled "made in China" is actually "made by China". The latter corresponds to the concept of China's gross national product (GNP), and excludes import charges on intermediate goods and investment income paid to overseas countries.China is so heavily dependent on foreign partners that it has yet to develop its own edge-cutting technology and internationally recognized brand names. On top of this; Chinese companies are inferior to their overseas counterparts in virtually every aspect, be it capital, human resources, or business management. As a result, China has no option but to look to cheap labor for its export competitiveness. Indeed, the majority of Chinas contribution to the value-added of its exports lies with the cost of labor, and the very low wages in China, averaging less than $100 a month, imply that this contribution must be very small. As such, the common assumption that Chinese goods are competitive because the country's wage levels are low holds true only for labor-intensive products and does not necessarily apply to industry as a whole. Instead, China's low wages should be interpreted as a reflection of the fact that its labor productivity is poor. It is when China's wage levels approach those of Japan, reflecting a rise in productivity, which China will really become a formidable competitor for Japan.1.Why does the author say "there is still a long way to go before it will become a truly advanced industrial country on par with Japan"?

2.According to the author, what's the difference between products labeled "made in China" and those labeled "made by China'?

3.Which of the following is true about the competitiveness of Japan's products?

4.The word “subsidiaries” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to （ ）.

5.Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?

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Recently, Japanese imports of manufactured goods from China have surged and the reputation of Chinese prod