In 1871 the Paris Commune which, as mentioned, was the first socialist revolution, was also the last one to take place in a country that was part of the capitalist center. The twentieth century inaugurated ----- with the “awakening of the peoples of the peripheries --- a new chapter in history. Its first manifestations were the revolutions in Iran (1907), in Mexico (1910-1920), China (1911) and “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905. This awakening of the peoples and nations of the periphery was carried forward in the Revolution of 1917, the Arabo-Muslim Nahda, the constitution of the Young Turk movement (1908), the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, and the formation of the Indian Congress (1885). In reaction to the first long crisis of historical capitalism (1875-1950), the peoples of the periphery began to liberate themselves around 1914-1917, mobilizing themselves under the flags of socialism (Russia, China, Vietnam, Cuba) or of national liberation (India, Algeria) associated to different degrees with progressive social reforms. They took the path to industrialization, hitherto forbidden by the domination of the old imperialism, forcing the latter to "adjust" to this first wave of independent initiatives of the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries. From 1917 to the time when the "Bandung project" (1955-1980) ran out of steam and Sovietism collapsed in 1990, these were the initiatives that dominated the scene. I do not see the two long crises of aging monopoly capitalism in terms of long Kondratieff cycles, but as two stages in both the decline of historical globalized capitalism and the possible transition to socialism. Nor do I see the 1914-1945 period exclusively as "the 30 years" war for the succession to “British hegemony.”1 see this period also as the long war conducted by the imperialist centers against the first awakening of the peripheries (East and South). This first wave of the awakening of the peoples of the periphery wore out for many reasons, including its own internal limitations and contradictions, and imperialism’s success in finding new ways of dominating the world system (through the control of technological invention, access to resources, the globalized financial system, communication and information technology, weapons of mass destruction). Nevertheless, capitalism underwent a second long crisis that began in the 1970s, exactly one hundred years after the first one. The reactions of capital to this crisis were the same as it had had to the previous one: reinforced concentration, which gave rise to generalized monopoly capitalism, globalization ("liberal"), and fractionalization. But the moment of triumph-the second "belle époque," from 1990 to 2008, echoing the first "belle époque," from 1890 to 1914-of the new collective imperialism of the Triad (the United States, Europe, and Japan) was indeed brief. A new epoch of chaos, wars, and revolutions emerged. In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had already started) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions, other than through the military control of the planet.
1.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as revolution in the passage?
2.The word "Kondratieff cycles" in the third paragraph most probably refers to （ ）.
3.How do the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries force the historical capitalism to “adjust” to their first wave of independent initiatives?
4.Which of the following can best explain the idea of last sentence of the passage?
5.Which of the following statements can best explain the main idea of the passage?
A.The “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905. B.The British hegemony. C.The Egyptian Revolution of 1919. D.The Paris Commune.问题2： A.a term in politics B.a term in economics C.a term in ecology D.a term in sociology问题3： A.through socialism. B.through national liberation. C.through industrialization. D.th
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